Information Privacy and Governance :: Personal Information, Privacy Law

A number of high profile organisations have been subjected to great reputational damage resulting from a proliferation of personal information breaches (Protecting Personal Information, 2010). Organisations have made substantial use of their customer's personal information without doing much to protect the information. Organisation's collecting personal information have had little impetus to consider the best privacy protection solutions and people have not done anything drastic to initiate such action (Loss of privacy is price one pays to live in online world, 2011). It may take strong government regulation to propel organisations in this direction (Loss of privacy is price one pays to live in online world, 2011) leading to the pending implementation of the Protection of Personal Information Bill (POPI) (POPI: Threat or opportunity, 2010:22) in South Africa. The POPI Bill will address the right to privacy enforcing stringent measures on all public and private entities in South Africa to ensure that the personal information of individuals is protected. The Law Commission’s findings revealed that privacy laws are lacking in South Africa, despite the fact that the right to privacy is enshrined in the Constitution (Theophanides, 2010). POPI will pave the way for the constitutional right to privacy and will regulate the manner whereby personal information is processed providing individuals with the authority to protect their personal information (Theophanides, 2010). To prepare for POPI compliance, organisations will have to initiate an organisation-wide privacy protection programme. A very interesting market development has been the rise of a privacy GRC (Governance, Risk and Compliance) market niche (Kim, 2010). The three keywords, Governance, Risk and Compliance that emanate from this current context are commensurate with GRC, one of the latest acronyms to embrace the financial world (Conte, 2007:62). This acronym GRC has infiltrated the business community over the last years (Racz et al., 2010a:106) and is an executive-level concern of many enterprises today (Krey et al., 2011:350). GRC is an integrated approach overseeing people, processes and technology in order to deliver stakeholder value while managing risk and complying with regulations and laws (Anand, 2010:57). Many organizations get their first experience of a GRC program when they begin to implement a privacy program because privacy is an enterprise issue that spans legal, IT, compliance and business operations (Privacy and GRC: What the New Ponemon Study and the GAPP is Telling us, 2011). The POPI Bill is not exclusively an IT or legal or a process or security issue but a combination of all of these (POPI: Threat or opportunity, 2010:22). Information Privacy and Governance :: Personal Information, Privacy Law A number of high profile organisations have been subjected to great reputational damage resulting from a proliferation of personal information breaches (Protecting Personal Information, 2010). Organisations have made substantial use of their customer's personal information without doing much to protect the information. Organisation's collecting personal information have had little impetus to consider the best privacy protection solutions and people have not done anything drastic to initiate such action (Loss of privacy is price one pays to live in online world, 2011). It may take strong government regulation to propel organisations in this direction (Loss of privacy is price one pays to live in online world, 2011) leading to the pending implementation of the Protection of Personal Information Bill (POPI) (POPI: Threat or opportunity, 2010:22) in South Africa. The POPI Bill will address the right to privacy enforcing stringent measures on all public and private entities in South Africa to ensure that the personal information of individuals is protected. The Law Commission’s findings revealed that privacy laws are lacking in South Africa, despite the fact that the right to privacy is enshrined in the Constitution (Theophanides, 2010). POPI will pave the way for the constitutional right to privacy and will regulate the manner whereby personal information is processed providing individuals with the authority to protect their personal information (Theophanides, 2010). To prepare for POPI compliance, organisations will have to initiate an organisation-wide privacy protection programme. A very interesting market development has been the rise of a privacy GRC (Governance, Risk and Compliance) market niche (Kim, 2010). The three keywords, Governance, Risk and Compliance that emanate from this current context are commensurate with GRC, one of the latest acronyms to embrace the financial world (Conte, 2007:62). This acronym GRC has infiltrated the business community over the last years (Racz et al., 2010a:106) and is an executive-level concern of many enterprises today (Krey et al., 2011:350). GRC is an integrated approach overseeing people, processes and technology in order to deliver stakeholder value while managing risk and complying with regulations and laws (Anand, 2010:57). Many organizations get their first experience of a GRC program when they begin to implement a privacy program because privacy is an enterprise issue that spans legal, IT, compliance and business operations (Privacy and GRC: What the New Ponemon Study and the GAPP is Telling us, 2011). The POPI Bill is not exclusively an IT or legal or a process or security issue but a combination of all of these (POPI: Threat or opportunity, 2010:22).

Second Foundation Prologue

The First Galactic Empire had endured for tens of thousands of years. It had included all the planets of the Galaxy in a centralized rule, sometimes tyrannical, sometimes benevolent, always orderly. Human beings had forgotten that any other form of existence could be. All except Hari Seldon. Hari Seldon was the last great scientist of the First Empire. It was he who brought the science of psycho-history to its full development. Psycho-history was the quintessence of sociology, it was the science of human behavior reduced to mathematical equations. The individual human being is unpredictable, but the reactions of human mobs, Seldon found, could be treated statistically. The larger the mob, the greater the accuracy that could be achieved. And the size of the human masses that Seldon worked with was no less than the population of the Galaxy which in his time was numbered in the quintillions. It was Seldon, then, who foresaw, against all common sense and popular belief, that the brilliant Empire which seemed so strong was in a state of irremediable decay and decline. He foresaw (or he solved his equations and interpreted its symbols, which amounts to the same thing) that left to itself, the Galaxy would pass through a thirty thousand year period of misery and anarchy before a unified government would rise once more. He set about to remedy the situation, to bring about a state of affairs that would restore peace and civilization in a single thousand of years. Carefully, he set up two colonies of scientists that he called â€Å"Foundations.† With deliberate intention, he set them up â€Å"at opposite ends of the Galaxy.† One Foundation was set up in the full daylight of publicity. The existence of the other, the Second Foundation, was drowned in silence. In Foundation (Gnome, 1951) and Foundation and Empire (Gnome, 1952) are told the first three centuries of the history of the First Foundation. It began as a small community of Encyclopedists lost in the emptiness of the outer periphery of the Galaxy. Periodically, it faced a crisis in which the variables of human intercourse, of the social and economic currents of the time constricted about it. Its freedom to move lay along only one certain line and when it moved in that direction, a new horizon of development opened before it. All had been planned by Hari Seldon, long dead now. The First Foundation, with its superior science, took over the barbarized planets that surrounded it. It faced the anarchic Warlords that broke away from the dying Empire and beat them. It faced the remnant of the Empire itself under its last strong Emperor and its last strong General and beat it. Then it faced something which Hari Seldon could not foresee, the overwhelming power of a single human being, a Mutant. The creature known as the Mule was born with the ability to mold men's emotions and to shape their minds. His bitterest opponents were made into his devoted servants. Armies could not, would not fight him. Before him, the First Foundation fell and Seldon's schemes lay partly in ruins. There was left the mysterious Second Foundation, the goal of all searches. The Mule must find it to make his conquest of the Galaxy complete. The faithful of what was left of the First Foundation must find it for quite another reason. But where was it? That no one knew. This, then, is the story of the search for the Second Foundation!

The Impact Of Social Media On Society Essay - 1051 Words

The evolution of technology in the 20th century brought many innovations. Among them is the social media. Essentially the 21st century revolves around these social media as individuals, corporations, and government agencies use these avenues to communicate and pass messages to their audience. I am an ardent user of social media too. Through the years that I have used social media, the sites have had a myriad effect on me. As expected these effects cut across both sides; some are positive effects while others are negative effects. However, the power of social media cannot be underestimated. With the ever increasing technological awareness among people, there is a possibility that the world will be connected through the social media. Twitter and Instagram are the top social media platform that I use frequently. Essentially Twitter constitutes of millions of users that help me to connect with people all over the world. On Twitter, a user has to ‘follow’ another user whom th ey want to view their posts. In essence following implies to subscribing to another user’s posts as they will appear on your timeline. As such, Twitter helps me connect with people I deem important in my life. Most of my friends are also on Twitter. Thus when we want to keep a conversation we use Twitter to connect with one another. One of the major features that makes me use Twitter is the ability to subscribe to tweets from organizations and agencies that matter in my life. In essence, Twitter relaysShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Social Media On Society Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesHave you thought about the impact that social media has on society? Today I would like to address the impact of social media on society for those of you that are social media users and this includes the advantages or disadvantages that as associated with it. In this speech, I want to relate to you how social media is being used by social media users. 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The short film titled, The Library Book, perfectly illustrates this as the characters within the film learn to assimilate in a society dominated by social media. The actions of each characterRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Society987 Words   |  4 Pages The Negative Impact of Social Media on Society Marylin Vos Savant once said, â€Å"Email, instant messaging, and cell phones give us fabulous ability, but because we live and work in our own little worlds, that communication is totally disorganized†. The society we live in today requires modern technology. Texting, tweeting, and other forms of abbreviated communications are now changing how we speak. 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Many of us don’t take into account the role that social media plays in the way we perceive things, think, and live our lives. Social media plays a critical part in societal norms. â€Å"Social norms are rules of conduct that governs interactions among individualsRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages What it Means to be Black In 2016, society is at a place where people are able to discover tons of information at the touch of a finger; this indeed can impact on how we view common things in society, such as identity. This statement holds true for â€Å"blacks† or African Americans as well. The stigma that comes with being black has been around for centuries; however, many blacks are using social media to combat negativity. In an era predicated on the use of the internet, black people have proven to

The American Motion Picture Industry - 1978 Words

PART I – IDENTIFICATIONS: SUBSECTION A: i. Eadweard Muybridge: The story of the American motion picture industry begins with the eccentric ‘photographic artist’, Eadweard Muybridge. In 1872, Eadweard Muybridge was sought out by former governor of California and railroad tycoon, Leland Stanford, because of his expertise with the camera. Stanford thought that if Muybridge could capture equine motion in a series of photographs, it would be possible to discern whether or not all four of a horse’s legs were simultaneously aloft at any point when running. However, initial series of photographs taken by Muybridge was unsuccessful in resolving Stanford’s query. However, in 1877, Stanford decided to re-enlist Muybridge for a more scientific approach to the problem of equine motion. The second time around, Muybridge used twelve electrically operated cameras capable of taking photographs in succession. The product of Stanford and Muybridge’s experiment, twelve instantaneous photographs of a horse in motion, contributed to our understanding of animal locomotion and showed images could be blurred together by the brain to produce motion. This discovery set the stage for the invention of the motion picture camera and inspired Muybridge’s later technological innovation, the zoopraxiscope, a basic motion operated projection device. ii. WKL Dickson: Oftentimes forgotten, WKL Dickson was the colleague of famed American inventor, Thomas Edison, and the co-inventor of the world’s firstShow MoreRelatedThe Era Of The Roaring Twenties1623 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica from the beginning of the 1920s to today. One of the several impacts that influenced America drastically in the 20s to today, was the boom in feature movies/the movie industry. Things that it greatly impacted, was our culture, lifestyle, career field, and our technological innovation. The creation of motion pictures, movies with sound, and talkies had an immense alteration on society’s entertainment. One thing that movie entertainment fulfilled was attracting people to the big screen. ForRead MoreModern Day Color And Sound Motion Pictures1323 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The desire for a sense of motion, action, and narrative (cinema’s roots) stretch all the way back to prehistory with cave drawings†¦ In fact, the entire history of human accomplishment in the visual arts seems to reveal a deep seated desire to represent time, space, and action visually- and as vividly as possible†. (Lewis 5) Throughout history, people have exhibited a need to be entertained and a need for hope or something to look forward to. Without anything to live for, something to strive forRead MoreEvolution of Film1138 Words   |  5 Pagesand of resting for two care-free hours to watch a movie meant to bring great emotion to the audience. 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Throughout history this art form has evolved

Three Days I. Today A Personal Experience - 1175 Words

3 days earlier†¦. Its 1999 and almost time for summer I was in school waiting for the bell to ring with my two best friend Aj and Jordan.Me and my friend where on the edge of are seat.Waiting for the bell to ring suddenly I hear.Ding,Ding Ding,the bell ring everybody ran through the hallways of Tomahawk Creek Middle School.There where people running down the stair and up the stairs.It was like â€Å"Black Friday†.People yelling â€Å"school is over†.I am trying to go down the stair,but there are so many people going up the stair.Final I see the way out,and bunch of kids go thought the double doors.I don’t know how I made my way to the bus. That same day I was traveling to Arizona to visit my grandparents .Final I arrived at Arizona,the Grand Canyon†¦show more content†¦Present day†¦ I wake up and see that I am tied up with a rope,and man standing in front of me.The man said that his name is Henry John.He was the man who had escaped for prison. John said that he wants me to give my grandparents number I said that I will not give him the number.He threatened me and said If I do not give him the number he will get rid of me.I give him the number.I heard him talking to some people on the phone.I think it was grandparents. My grandparents said,why has Maz not come back his friend were about to come.30 minutes later†¦ Jordan and Aj had arrived the house was so quiet as funeral nothing but crying.Maz grandparent were crying the told us the whole story. Aj says,this is not good what should do.Where do you think he would go? Jordan say,why are you asking me maybe he want to the grand canyon or to the people he known. Aj says,in the morning lets go check in the Grand Canyon. Morning time†¦ Aj get up we have to go find Maz. Aj say, ok fine all be up in two seconds.Jordan says, who’s going to take us there no one.Aj says,no one we will have to sneak out. Back in the cave†¦ Maz talking,you known my friend will come looking for me right.John says,sure the will kid,and while there coming here I will make some food. John says,the won’t come for â€Å"you got that† now shut up I have to make a phone call. In the Grand Canyon†¦ Aj says,where in Grand Canyon and we still havent found Maz where do you think he is.JordanShow MoreRelatedAn Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes Of The Wealth Of Nations1169 Words   |  5 PagesManagement has not always been the way it is as of today. There were many people that warped and shaped the ideals of management throughout history. A few of those people are Adam Smith, Henry Fayol, Mary Parker Follett, and Henry Gantt. We see many of their principles and theories in modern management techniques. I have personally seen their effects in my management experiences. Another company that has great management ideals is Zappos. The Industrial Revolution began around 1760. 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Most everyone thinks a veterinarian is just someon Essay Example For Students

Most everyone thinks a veterinarian is just someon Essay e who takes care of animals in a clinic. This is wrong because veterinarians are considered vets from all sorts of fields, from the easier professions like kennel owners and dog groomers to the more difficult ones like surgeons and farm vets. Doctors of veterinary medicine are medical professionals, whose primary responsibility is protecting the health and care for animals and pets. Veterinary schools have been around for hundreds of years. The first school of veterinary medicine opened in 1762 (Duncan 63). Its founder was Alexandre Francois. He sought to make veterinary medicine a respected science (Duncan 63). After Francois, veterinary medicine grew and became organized. The American Veterinary Medical Association was established in 1863 (Duncan 63). Unfortunately, most of the schools established back then closed down because they were so expensive and people didnt have the money to afford it. However, today veterinary medicine is very known and common. More people are buying pets and are willing to pay for their care. We will write a custom essay on Most everyone thinks a veterinarian is just someon specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now College is a major part of becoming a vet.The average veterinary student has to take six to eight years of college. The first thing to do is to decide if veterinary medicine is the right path for you. In the senior year of college during the basic 4 years, an aspiring vet will apply to a 4-year veterinary program. The first two years of the vet program consist of general science classes at college levels (Career: Veterinary). The last two years of vet school are when a student does clinical rounds, which is where the students have hands on training and get to see what a real vet does. After the last two years of vet school, the student will complete a 3-year residency. After the residency, the student is eligible to sit for the licensing exam. Only about 85% of those who take the exam pass (McCarthy 3). Vet schools require a GPA of 3.0 or higher with high scores on the Veterinary Aptitude Test, GRE, and MCAT. There are very few vet schools in the United States. There are only 27 vet schools (McCarthy 8). Most of the schools are state funded, so applicants stand a better chance of being accepted to a school in their home state. Competition is intense to get into a vet school, and only half of these who apply are admitted. Some of the top colleges that are recommended in the United States are Michigan State University, Penn State, and Texas AM for veterinary medicine, (Randell). Randell recommends future vets, like myself that live in Michigan, to go to MSU, because it is a home state college where you have a better chance of getting in. Plus its one of the top vet medicine colleges in the United States.While veterinarians are in college, they have to memorize the veterinarians oath. Where a doctor solemnly swears to use his or hers scientific knowledge and skills. The veterinarians oath is:Being admitted to the profession of veterinary medicine, I solemnly swear to use my scientific knowle dge and skills for the benefit of society through the protection of animal health, the relief of animal suffering, the conservation of livestock resources, the promotion of public health, and the advancement of medical knowledge. I will practice my profession conscientiously, with dignity, and in keeping with the principles of veterinary medical ethics. I accept as a lifelong obligation the continual improvement of my professional knowledge and competence (What is a Veterinarians?). There are many people in the veterinary profession. There are more than 58,000 veterinarians (What is a Veterinarian?). With 80% of them being male, and only 20% of them female (What is a Veterinarian?). Only half of the people who apply to vet school get in, because there are already plenty of people in the veterinary profession. .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97 , .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97 .postImageUrl , .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97 , .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97:hover , .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97:visited , .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97:active { border:0!important; } .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97:active , .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97 .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7e2faeac07bcc5af8ce18dc2f84cac97:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Life Struggle on Minimum Wage EssayThe salary for a vet depends on how long they have been with the profession and their specific field. Most vets earn an average of $50,000 a year for the first five years (Career: Veterinary). After five years, the average is $80,000 a year (Career: Veterinary). The average salary after 10 to 15 years is $100,000 a year (Career: Veterinary). These salaries are mainly for regular animal doctors. Depending on if the vet is a surgeon, a travel vet, zoo vet, or a kennel owner determines the salary. Veterinarians can either work for others or they could work in private practice. When you work in private practice there is much more work to be done. One person has to do the work for about six people. They have to do the scheduling, appointments, payments and billings, and even sending specimens to the lab, plus helping and caring for the animals. On the other hand, when a vet works for others like in a clinic, they mainly work with the animals, and have assistants do the other work. There are many different types of veterinarians in the world. Some work on large animals, small animals, dead animals, or all types. An inspector performs autopsies on dead animals to determine what caused the animals death and how to prevent the problem for other animals. Some of them also research what animals are susceptible too (Career: Veterinarians). Other inspectors explore what medicines can treat the diseases. An easier area for a vet is working in kennels. The kennel owners run facilities to care for pets while their owners are gone. The kennel owners are responsible to feed, exercise, bathe, and care for the animals. Another form of a veterinarian is a zookeeper. Zookeepers both care and treat the animals, feed, exercise, and bathe the animals, or monitor the zoo animals behavior. The most common type of a vet is an urban location vet, also known as a clinic vet. A clinic vet mainly works and cares for mostly small animals and house hold pets. Most vets prefer working in u rban locations. Another type of vet is a groomer. They dont seem like a vet, but are because they care for animals in their own way. Groomers bathe animals, brush and trim their coats, and they cut their nails. There are also road vets, which spend most of their time on the road commuting to ranches and farms. Road vets mainly work on large animals, such as horses and cows. The above are only a few of the types of vets. When veterinarians are working and caring for animals they have to be alert and aware of the animals feelings. The veterinarians have to be able to react to anything that may happen. They also must be able to calm and reassure the scared and frightened animal that everything is going to be ok. Veterinarians do a lot to keep animals healthy. Veterinarians have a lot to do for animals. They give animals their annual check-ups every so often to make sure that everything is ok, and also give them their annual shots and pills. The normal clinical veterinarians have to check the heart rate, ears, blood pressure, eyes, nose, throat, joints, muscles, most everything a doctor does for a person during their annual check-up. Veterinarians take x-rays on some animals to look for tumors or clots in the body. Veterinarians do a lot to care for animals to keep them healthy and to make sure they are in no pain. Veterinarians are very caring people to animals. Vets want animals to be well kept, healthy, have a good behavior, be on the right diet, and to be in no pain. Even though it takes a lot of work to become a veterinarian, it is still worth the hard work to help those loving, cute animals.

The Futiity Of Prostitution Laws Essays - Sex Industry, Prostitution

The Futiity Of Prostitution Laws historically and which has many individuals reexamining the logistics of it. If prostitution is decriminalized it will become economically profitable and feasible for not only the prostitutes, but also western society as a whole. Without the 20th century western laws, which force prostitution underground, the profession of prostitution could become a clean and safe occupation. Prostitution laws are unconstitutional and deny the prostitutes what the American constitution allows them. Prostitution is an illegal act in Canada and large portions of the United States which, if legalized, would protect and benefit 20th century western society. If sanctioned, prostitution will become economically lucrative for the governments involved. The colossal amount of money spent each year on prostitute prevention could be spent on more urgent issues, which is exactly what the San Francisco Task Force on Prostitution found. The total costs accounted for in this report amounts to $7,634,750.00. Given the many areas in which we found that information is not available, or there are hidden costs, the over all expense to the taxpayer exceeds $7.6 million annually.1 The San Francisco Task Force is a group of researchers, police officers, members of the San Francisco community, government officials and prostitutes, who frequently meet to discuss the issues of prostitution and to try to come to some solution. Although they may not always agree, two issues they are in agreement about are that the $7.6 million dollars would be better spent elsewhere and that prostitution should be legalized.. Robert Noce of Manitoba city council wants reform of the Canadian Justice System and he would like to see prostitution become worthwhile to Canadian taxpayers. Quite frankly, for anyone to suggest to me a dating or escort agency is just offering companionship is being quite naive. Let's not try to bury our heads in the sand and pretend nothing else is going on. Instead of pretending these establishments don't exist let's instead be logical about this and try to use the profits that we could be making, in a wise and useful manner. I think that the highest paying customers for prostitution is us Canadians, in the money we put into fighting this futile cause.2 Instead of putting millions of dollars into stopping this consensual act, the money saved and made from the legalization of prostitution can be spent on fighting child prostitution and coerced prostitution. These two crimes are becoming rampant across North America, but lack of funds prevents a serious effort from being made to fight against them. If brothels and prostitutes were to be taxed like any other place of business, millions of extra revenue dollars would become available to the Canadian government, for it to spend as it sees fit. Although the monetary concerns are overwhelming one of the most debated issues is the health and safety of prostitution. If prostitution were to be decriminalized, the profession of prostitution could become a healthy, publicly sanctioned place of business. Throughout history and throughout European cultures, prostitution has been legalized to decrease the spread of disease as historian Jennifer James reports. Beginning with Prussia in 1700, most continental European governments shifted their tactics from suppression of prostitution and sexually transmitted disease to control through a system of compulsory registration, licensed brothels, and medical inspection of prostitutes. Although medical techniques were primitive there was a noticeable decline in sexual diseases among prostitutes and their clients.3 European governments hundreds of years ago realized that since they could not fight prostitution, it was best to make it as safe and healthy as they could. Their efforts saved hundreds of lives and provided treatment to the prostitutes who previously could not seek medical attention without being arrested. A recent episode of 20/20 interviewed Joe McNamara, former police chief of Kansas and San Jose, and vice squad officers as they discussed the physical harm that anti-prostitution laws inflict JOE MCNAMARA: What we're doing now is worse than prostitution. JOHN STOSSEL: The law makes it worse? JOE MCNAMARA: The law makes it a lot worse. It drives up the profits. It drives up the potential for corruption. It invites violence. JOHN STOSSEL: It is true that when the vice cops talk about the terrible things they see... 2ND VICE SQUAD OFFICER: You see homicides. You see the narcotics. You see the assaults. JOHN STOSSEL: They're talking about things caused not by prostitution itself, but by the law. Because the law drives prostitution underground into the criminal world, where everyone's hiding from the police. 2ND VICE SQUAD OFFICER: We see the black eyes. We see the rapes. We see them crying. JOHN